GANZE MÄNNER - An Early Book on WWII German Fallschirmjäger

When the formation of British Airborne Forces was initiated in 1940 there was little to no knowledge, let alone an experience base to draw upon for either training or equipment. The cadre of Army and RAF leadership given this daunting task initially drew heavily from intelligence reports, and captured equipment of the German Luftwaffe Fallschirmjäger. A fact I was not previously aware of was that 1,660 Fallschirmjäger were captured during the course of the German invasion of Holland. Details of the equipment captured were presented at an Air Ministry conference on 10 June 1940.

Although not believed to be readily available to British Forces at the time a small book (original copies now being exceptionally rare) was openly published in Germany in 1942. In this author's opinion its contents parallel some of the information which might have been available to British Army intelligence. The publicly published book was entitled, GANZE MÄNNER, Leben und Erleben der deutschen Fallschirmjäger (Whole Men, Lives and Experience of the German Paratroopers), authored by a Hauptmann Piehl (in all probability the name or pseudonym of a serving Fallschirmjäger officer). My copy, given its age is in excellent condition, but was published with wartime materials, consequently the photographs are not as clear as they might be. However, they do exceed the quality of other copies of some of the same photographs seen elsewhere, and attributed to the Bundesarchiv. In addition, due to the fragility of the document some of the scans are less than perfectly square in orientation. For those who might be interested, an English translation has been published, and is currently available at a very reasonable price compared to an original. (http://www.alibris.com/booksearch?qwork=10287809&matches=9&cm_sp=works*listing*title). Not having seen the reprint I cannot comment on the quality of its photographs.

 What follows are a series of photographs from the original book showing a variety of the equipment and training techniques used by the Fallschirmjäger. Note the similarity to those adapted by early British Airborne Forces. One major exception, however, being the fundamental design difference between the German standard RZ (1, 16, 20, 36) Series of parachutes, and the GQ/Irving Statichute or X-Chute. The latter being more comfortable in opening shock, ease of controlled descent, and landing. For those interested in a more detailed description of each of the parachute systems, please see the Links listing in this blog for two excellent sites.

Please double click on any of the images to enlarge them.

One unique piece of equipment issued to the Fallschirmjäger (not shown in the book) was the Fliegerkappmesser (Flyer's Utility Knife), which while originally not specifically designed for paratroop use, was broadly issued, but very early became known as the Fallschirmjägermesser (as it is commonly named by collectors today). The Type I model was introduced into general issue in 1937. The knife was gravity activated, so could be operated with one hand, and incorporated a marlinespike. Two models were produced, the Type I which was of fixed construction, and a second Type II model capable of ready disassembly in order to facilitate replacement/repair of broken or defective parts. It so impressed British military authorities that a contract was tendered in 1943, to the renowned knife firm of George Ibberson & Co., Ltd. of Sheffield, to clone and produce 30,000 copies, but they were never issued on a broad scale, and are exceedingly rare. The knife shown below is a first model Fallschirmjägermesser, along with a reproduction of its issued lanyard, which appears to have been made of parachute shroud line. For those who might be interested, there is a definitive reference available on the knife; LUFTWAFFE GRAVITY KNIFE A History and Analysis of the Flyer's & Paratrooper's Utility Knife, M. Pattarozzi, Schiffer Publishing Ltd., Atglen, PA, 2006, ISBN: 0-7643-2419-5. 

Another unique item of limited issue, which was specifically designed and built for the Fallsschirmjäger, was the Fallschirmjägergewehr 42 (FG42) automatic rifle. Its manufacture and initial issue obviously post-dates the publication of GANZE MÄNNER by approximately two years.

Its need was established based upon combat experience gained in the German airborne invasion of Crete in 1941(Operation 'Mercury'). The operation was anything else but mercuric in nature. In a precursor to the case of Operation Market Garden, the Luftwaffe intelligence staff seriously (some might even say gravely) underestimated British force strength on the island. As a result the casualties incurred by the Fallschirmjäger, both parachute and glider-borne troops, and Gibirgsjäger (mountain troops) which were air landed, were so severe that they were never committed to any subsequent significant parachute operations for the remainder of World War II, serving rather as elite infantry units.

In Crete the Fallschirmjäger found the broadly issued Erma 9mm Machinen Pistole MP38/40 (erroneously aka Schmeisser) to lack both range and accuracy. The development of the FG42 was initiated and the first model issued in 1943. First significant issue is believed to have been to the elite glider-borne Fallschirmjäger unit commanded by SS-Obersturmbannführer Otto Skorzeny, who rescued the Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, held captive in a mountain-top resort hotel (Operation 'Eiche'). Anyone interested in more detail about this weapon is referred to wikipedia.org/wiki/FG_42. The rifle's then highly advanced, if not revolutionary, design is considered by many to be the forerunner of all modern military rifles, and some machine guns.

Image of prototype Fallschirmjägergewehr 42 (Type I)

The first model of the Fallschirmjägergewehr 42 (Type E)

The second model of the Fallschirmjagergewehr (Type G)
 fitted with a telescopic sight

Another view of the second model FG42 (Type G)

For those who may be interested the following is rare WWII combat film footage of the Fallschirmjagergewehr FG42 in use during Operation ‘Eiche’, at Gran Sasso, Italy to rescue Benito Mussolini. See; fallschirmjägergewehr 42

The Other Webley - An Addendum

The following article appeared in the May 1962 issue of The American Rifleman magazine, and provides a significant additional amount of information on the .455 cal. Webley & Scott Self-Loading Pistol. While in the original page this author's memory lapse caused initial confusion regarding disassembly of the weapon, better informed readers were able to correct that lapse. This article provides an illustrated sequence. For easy cross-reference to the original page please see: http://arnhemjim.blogspot.com/2011/10/other-webley-limited-standard-semi.html

Also of potential interest to the reader are a series of photographs depicting the variants of the weapon, and a comprehensive table of the quantity and respective serial numbers of both the government contracts and private sales by month and year of production.

So with full acknowledgment and expressed gratitude to both The American Rifleman, and its parent organization, The National Rifle Association, please enjoy the following definitive article. Please double click on any of the images to enlarge them.

The following photograph is of Royal Navy Officers, probably circa 1914 or later, using a dangerous combination of weapons: Webley & Scott self-loading pistols and Webley revolvers. The mighty 265 grain bullet fired by the automatics was propelled by a fast burning 7.0 grains of Revolver Cordite. This cartridge could be chambered in the .455 cal. revolver. If loaded and fired by mistake, it would blow the wall of the revolver's cylinder out.

Although the cap badges clearly connote commissioned officers, the reefer or "monkey" jackets without any rank lacing are somewhat of a mystery. Perhaps some form of working dress? Readers have responded with one plausible explanation. Individuals shown are Warrant Officers with less than ten years in rank, thus no lace, but still should have three gilt buttons, per uniform regulations in effect at the time. Perhaps all are Warrant Armourers familiarizing themselves with the then new weapon. Also note the absence of any pistol cases (holsters) and belts either web or leather.

A packet of seven cartridges as issued for the Webley self-loading pistol. Particularly note the warning, "NOT FOR REVOLVERS".

After about three decades consider myself very fortunate to have acquired an original wrapped package of seven rounds of ammunition shown above. But miracle of miracles, was more recently (May 2016) able to find an original correct magazine for the pistol (in remarkably excellent condition), in of all places Warsaw, Poland. Owners of the pistol will readily appreciate and attest to the fact that a single magazine is significantly harder to find than specimens of the pistol itself. Note the small stamped "2" on the base of the magazine, and the two magazine catch position notches allowing the weapon to be hand loaded and fired with single cartridges while maintaining 7 rounds in the offset loaded magazine. This is believed to be a unique design feature of the weapon.

In addition to the procurement of the pistols for the Royal Navy and Marines, records show there were 100 pistols issued to the Royal Horse Artillery in 1913 (some also to the fledgling Royal Flying Corps in April 1915). 50 of these were fitted with shoulder stocks. They were also fitted with an adjustable rear sight and a safety catch which could be rotated between the hammer and the back of the receiver. These weapons were designated, the .455 Mk. I No. 2. As expected this model is even rarer due to the limited number produced. Recently one of these guns was at auction for a reserve price of $12,500.00 USD, complete with shoulder stock. However it has been completely re-blued, albeit (allegedly) to original specification. With acknowledgment and full credit to the seller and GunBroker.com, the reader can view the pistol in this configuration.

A brief bit of vintage film footage showing ships of the Royal Navy at close to its zenith during World War I, contemporary with the introduction into service of the "Other Webley".

For those possibly interested in additional information on the Webley Model 1912/1913 Pistol please see; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8j3VIILQjI .

A Forensic Analysis of the Battle of Waterloo - 18 June 1815

The Battle of Waterloo has long been recognized as a decisive event not only of military history but also of world history. The following video can best be described as a multi-discipline forensic analysis of the battle.

The experts include landscape archeologists, meteorologists, sports physiologists, military psychiatrists, historians, and serving artillery officers. Its initial focus is on accurate restoration of the contemporary terrain that the Duke of Wellington had so carefully chosen, and the significant distortion, which had occurred as a result of the construction of the ‘Lion's Mound’, subsequent to the battle, as a commemorative to the Allied armies.

Everything from the consistency of the mud under the foot of the ‘Grande Armee’ to the devastating effect of Royal Artillery canister rounds, and the psychological health, and resultant fitness to command of Marshal Ney during the critical later stages of the battle, are addressed and clinically evaluated.

For those readers who may be so inclined the recently digitally re-engineered production of the 1970 movie, WATERLOO, starring Rod Steiger and Christopher Plummer may be viewed in its entirety at; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kH2BZgbbKjI&feature=youtu.be , or in sequential segments from the following:

WWI Royal Naval Division Cap Badges - An Addendum

There has been a continuing and intense interest on The British and Commonwealth Military Cap Badge Forum with regard to the cap badges of the WWI Royal Naval Division. Much of this is due to the fact that the badges have long been popular with collectors, and as a result have been a frequent and continuing target of counterfeiters. In order to protect their collections and investment, possessors of righteous badges, with impeccable provenance, are justifiably reticent to show their specimens to the collector's community, simultaneously affording the same information to counterfeiters.

This results in one valid set of cap badges being shown as if they were sealed pattern, at the unintended exclusion of legitimate variants from other manufacturers or a different set of genuine dies under contract (not re-strikes). Fortunately a second member of the forum has come forward with a complete set of the cap badges with reasonably established provenance. Both acknowledgement and gratitude are extended to 'Chrisr' of the forum for his contribution.

It was debated whether to publish this article as a new page, or incorporate it as an addendum to one of the previous other RND Badge discussions in the blog. Finally optioned for a new page, as the other could easily be lost in the intervening time warp. For cross-reference and the convenience of the reader the other pages are as follows; http://arnhemjim.blogspot.com/2011/08/wwi-royal-naval-division-cap-badges_28.html, and also; http://arnhemjim.blogspot.com/2011/08/wwi-royal-naval-division-cap-badges.html.

The badges are presented in the same alphabetic order as in the page entitled "WWI Royal Naval Division Cap Badges - A Forensic Analysis", the first badge being the Anson Battalion.

The second badge is the Drake Battalion. In this example it has a joined motto on the bottom and the font in the word DRAKE at the top is slightly finer than in the other genuine specimen.

The third badge is the Hawke Battalion. In this specimen neither of the talons touch the 'R' or 'I' in STRIKE. Both go over the raised bit of the scroll and the left talon (looking at the badge) touches the top of the 'T'. The bird is similar to the other cited genuine specimen but with a narrower head, however not the same as the copy. The fleur de lys however looks more like the copy. Also note the north/south orientation of the lugs.

Next is the Hood Battalion. Note that this example has a narrower font, no void between 'STEADY' and HOOD scrolls and the bird is slimmer, when compared to the genuine badge. Again note the north/south orientation of the lugs.

The badge of the Howe Battalion. As can be observed there is voiding between the pennants and the sails, however differing from the cited copy in that there are joins between the central ship's aft and the sails, and the joins between the other half hulls and the sails are thicker. Finally the metal is a yellower brass color.

Finally the badge of the Nelson Battalion. In the case of this specimen the pennant is the same as the other genuine example but not voided, and the ship's figurehead is not as broad. Also note the north/south orientation of the lugs.

Here are an additional pair of examples of the Nelson Battalion badge, both of which are modern copies intentionally made to decieve the buyer and profit for the seller. The first is artificially bronzed and aged, even incorporating a fraudulent J.R. Gaunt plaque to afford it added "authenticity". Also note  the artificial wear induced on the right hand side of the sails and the figurehead. The second example may or may not be struck from the same fraudulent set of dies, but appears very similar while not including the Gaunt plaque.

Obviously the final word of caution is that a given badge under evaluation must have all features coincident with one or the other of the described examples of genuine badges, or have its own independent provenance. Personally I'm more than sufficiently challenged evaluating WWII British and Commonwealth Special Forces insignia, but hope that this additional information will not muddy the waters further, and will prove to be of some limited assistance.

On fact can be stipulated with absolute certainty. As experts will tell you, if ever offered a RND Benbow or Collingswood Cap Badge, courteously decline. WHATEVER badge it might be, it is sheer fantasy, as both battalions were disestablished prior to the issuance of any authorized badge.

As an adjunct of possible interest the following video is of the annual Royal Navy Field Gun Competition 1988, a competition that was held as part of the annual Royal Tournament (another tradition fallen casualty, however the competition endures) recreating/commemorating another historic land action by the Royal Navy. During the Boer War 1899-1902, Gun crews of HMS Terrible and HMS Powerful transported modified naval guns over land (190 mi., after a sea voyage of 800 naut. mi. from Simonstown to Durban.) to aid in the Relieve of Ladysmith, South Africa (28 February - 1 March 1900).